Spherical halloysite is most common in such cases (Smalley et al. 2013), and New Zealand (Moon 2016 Kluger et al. Halloysite often occurs on the slip surface of landslides in volcanic areas of Japan (Chigira and Yokoyama 2005 Chigira et al. Halloysite exhibits various morphologies in nature the most common form is elongated tubes, but spheroidal and platy halloysite has also been observed (Askenasy et al. Halloysite is a typical alteration product in pyroclastic deposits and generally occurs after allophane in the weathering sequence (Wada 1977, 1980 Parfitt et al. 2020) most of these soils characteristically contain the mineral halloysite (Chigira et al. Field surveys revealed that the basal part of the volcanic soils acted as the principal slip surface (Chigira et al. Around 6000 landslides occurred in the area (Yamagishi and Yamazaki 2018), with many of the recorded landslides being shallow and exhibiting features of liquefaction, such as long runouts of debris on relatively gentle slopes (< ~ 30° Osanai et al. These slopes are widely covered by volcanic soils that originated from nearby volcanoes such as Tarumai, Eniwa, and Shikotsu (Yamada 1958 Katsui 1959 Furukawa and Nakagawa 2000). The resulting strong ground motion (with a maximum intensity of 7 on the Japan Meteorology Agency intensity scale) caused hill slopes near the epicenter to fail suddenly. The Eastern Iburi earthquake (M w = 6.7) occurred at 3:07 AM (local time) on 6 September 2018 in southern Hokkaido, Japan (Fig. This decreased the material’s cohesive strength, which might have led to destabilization of the slope during ground shaking generated by the earthquake, and subsequent high-mobility flow after failure. It is suggested that rainfall before the earthquake enhanced the colloidal stability of halloysite particles within the slip surface, owing to an increase in electrostatic repulsion. These findings, alongside electrophoretic analysis, suggest that rainwater infiltration could have increased the absolute zeta potential value of the slip surface material. To reproduce possible chemical changes in the slip surface during rainfall, the sample was immersed in varying amounts of rainwater solution pH increased and ionic strength decreased with increasing water content. Halloysite in the slip surface had irregular-to-hollow-spherical morphology with higher mesopore volumes than tubular halloysite, which is related to a high capacity for water retention after rainfall. This study investigated the mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of the slip surface material with the aim of understanding weakening and post-failure behaviors during the landslides. Most of the shallow landslides exhibited long runouts along gentle hill slopes, with characteristic halloysite-bearing slip surface at the base of the volcanic soils. Heavy rainfall on 4 September in addition to intermittent rainfall around the Iburi Tobu area saturated and weakened the slope-forming materials (mostly altered volcanoclastic soils), making them susceptible to failure because of the earthquake’s strong ground motion. Statement.Destructive landslides were triggered by the 6.7 M w Eastern Iburi earthquake that struck southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018.
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